The constant annoyance of cracks and loose seams on your leather sofa is finally addressed by a glue that truly works. I’ve tested dozens, and one that stands out is Y’allCanDiy Super Glue for Leather. It sets in seconds and provides a super-strong, durable bond that handles daily bumps and spills without fail. Its precision applicator tips make repairs clean and pinpoint, which is perfect for fixing seams or small tears.
While some glues dry clear and flexible, this one really surprises with its fast setup and no clamping needed. It’s versatile enough to bond genuine leather, PU, or vinyl, making it excellent for both sofas and accessories. After thorough hands-on testing, I found this adhesive’s quick curing time and lasting strength make it the best overall choice for leather furniture repairs. Trust me—once you try it, you’ll wonder how you ever lived without it.
Top Recommendation: Y’allCanDiy Super Glue for Leather – Leather Glue
Why We Recommend It: This glue stands out because it combines rapid bonding with professional-grade durability. Its precision tips ensure controlled application for seams and edges. Unlike waterproof or flexible adhesives that may lack strength, it provides a fast, strong bond that withstands daily wear. The no clamping feature saves time, and the ability to bond numerous materials—genuine leather, PU, vinyl—makes it versatile and cost-effective. These features, tested thoroughly, position it as the best all-around glue for leather sofa repairs.
Best glue to use on a leather sofa: Our Top 5 Picks
- Y’allCanDiy Super Glue for Leather – Leather Glue – – Best Value
- Leather Glue 1.23 oz Clear Waterproof Adhesive – Best Waterproof Leather Glue
- Protado Leather Glue 35g Waterproof Flexible Adhesive – Best Flexible Leather Adhesive
- Leather Glue 60g High Strength Waterproof Leather Adhesive – Best High-Strength Leather Glue
- Fiebing’s Leathercraft Cement – 4 oz Leather Glue Adhesive – Best for Leather Craft and Upholstery
Y’allCanDiy Super Glue for Leather – Leather Glue –
- ✓ Fast setting time
- ✓ Precise application tips
- ✓ Strong, durable bond
- ✕ Slight odor during application
- ✕ Limited open time
| Adhesive Type | Polyurethane-based leather glue |
| Set Time | Seconds to a few minutes for initial bonding |
| Cure Time | Approximately 24 hours for full strength |
| Application Method | Precision applicator tips included |
| Suitable Materials | Genuine leather, PU leather, vinyl |
| Bond Strength | High durability with professional-grade adhesion |
Unlike most leather glues I’ve used before, this Y’allCanDiy Super Glue feels almost like a tiny syringe—compact, precise, and surprisingly easy to control. The three included applicator tips make it simple to target even the tiniest cracks in your leather sofa without mess or waste.
The moment I squeezed out a drop onto a small tear, I was impressed by how quickly it set. Within seconds, the bond was firm, and I didn’t need to clamp or weight it down.
It’s genuinely a time-saver, especially when you’re repairing multiple spots or working on a larger piece like a sofa.
What really stands out is its versatility. Whether you’re fixing genuine leather or PU, the glue holds firmly, even on more textured surfaces.
I tested it on a few different materials, and it bonded seamlessly, giving my repair a nearly invisible finish. The precision tips made applying the glue to tight corners a breeze—no fuss, no mess.
One thing I noticed is that it doesn’t require clamping, which is a huge convenience. Just apply, press lightly, and you’re done.
It’s perfect for quick fixes around the house or professional repairs that need to look clean and hold strong.
Overall, this glue combines strong adhesion, ease of use, and versatility—making it a go-to for anything from a quick sofa repair to fixing shoes or handbags. It’s durable, reliable, and saves you time, which is a win in my book.
Leather Glue 1.23 oz Clear Waterproof Adhesive
- ✓ Ultra-strong bond
- ✓ Fast-drying & clear finish
- ✓ Waterproof & flexible
- ✕ Not ideal for large tears
- ✕ Small tube limits quantity
| Adhesive Type | Polyurethane-based waterproof leather glue |
| Volume | 1.23 oz (35 grams) |
| Drying Time | Seconds to set, dries crystal clear |
| Flexibility | Flexible after curing to prevent cracking or stiffness |
| Application Method | Precision tip for mess-free, detailed application |
| Material Compatibility | Bonds leather, vinyl, rubber, fabric, and plastic |
I’ve had this Leather Glue 1.23 oz on my wishlist for a while, especially for fixing up my worn leather sofa that’s seen better days. When I finally got my hands on it, I was curious if it could really handle the tough repairs I had in mind.
The first thing I noticed is how compact and neat the tube is. The precision tip made it super easy to apply just the right amount without any mess.
I appreciated how quickly it set—within seconds, the tear I fixed was holding solid, and the clear finish meant no visible glue marks.
What really stood out is its waterproof and flexible formula. I tested it in a humid room, and it stayed strong without cracking or stiffening, which is a huge plus for a sofa that gets daily use.
Plus, it bonds well not just on leather but also on vinyl and rubber, so I can see myself using it for other DIY projects too.
The glue dries fast, which saves time, and it feels durable enough to withstand regular lounging. I did notice that for larger tears, I had to be precise and patient, but overall, it delivers a reliable, lasting bond.
It’s a smart choice for quick repairs that won’t ruin the look of your furniture.
If you want a strong, waterproof, and easy-to-apply leather adhesive, this one definitely earns its spot in your repair kit. Just keep in mind that it’s best for small to medium fixes, not large reconstruction jobs.
Protado Leather Glue 35g Waterproof Flexible Adhesive
- ✓ Fast bonding time
- ✓ Waterproof and flexible
- ✓ Easy to apply precisely
- ✕ Needs 24-hour cure
- ✕ Slightly thick for larger areas
| Adhesive Type | Waterproof flexible leather glue |
| Bonding Strength | Super strong, instant bond within 10-30 seconds |
| Curing Time | Full cure in 24 hours |
| Application Temperature Range | Suitable for daily wear and changing conditions, heat-resistant |
| Material Compatibility | Genuine leather, synthetic leather, vinyl, fabric-leather blends, wood, plastic, metal |
| Container Size | 35 grams |
When I first unscrewed the cap of the Protado Leather Glue, I immediately noticed its thick, gel-like texture and the precise nozzle that promises control. It feels solid in your hand, not too heavy, with a smooth surface that hints at quality.
As I squeezed out a small amount, the glue flows easily, and I could see how easily it would pinpoint seams or tiny tears.
The moment I applied it to a worn corner of my leather sofa, I was impressed by how quickly it bonds. Within about 20 seconds, the repair felt firm, and the flexibility of the glue meant I didn’t worry about cracking or stiffening once dried.
It’s clear and dries invisibly, so no unsightly residue or color mismatch.
What really stood out is its waterproof and heat-resistant properties. I tested a small patch with a splash of water, and it held perfectly.
Plus, the quick drying time means I didn’t have to wait long before using the sofa again. The precision nozzle made it easy to target tricky areas like seams and edges without mess or waste.
Overall, this glue feels like a reliable, go-to solution for almost any leather repair. It’s especially handy for quick fixes around the house or on the go, where durability matters but convenience is just as key.
Plus, its versatility for other materials makes it a smart addition to your toolkit.
Leather Glue 60g High Strength Waterproof Leather Adhesive
- ✓ Precise metal nozzle
- ✓ Flexible, invisible finish
- ✓ Waterproof and durable
- ✕ Needs 24-hour cure time
- ✕ Slightly messy application without care
| Adhesive Type | Industrial-grade, waterproof leather adhesive |
| Application Method | Precision metal nozzle for controlled, mess-free application |
| Drying Time | Full cure in 24 hours, initial bonding within seconds |
| Bonding Surfaces | Leather, faux leather, vinyl, suede, rubber, canvas |
| Flexibility and Finish | Flexible, elastic rubber-like bond with transparent, invisible finish |
| Strength and Durability | Ultra-strong, resistant to cracking, peeling, and water exposure |
When I first unscrewed the lid of this leather glue, I was immediately struck by the sleek, metal nozzle. It felt solid in my hand, and the fine tip promised precise application, which is a huge plus for detailed sofa repairs.
The glue itself has a subtle, almost invisible scent—no harsh chemical smell that hits you hard.
Applying the adhesive was surprisingly easy. The flow from the nozzle was smooth, and I appreciated how controlled I could be with the amount.
It’s thick enough to stay put once you press the pieces together, but not so runny that it drips everywhere. I held the broken leather section of my sofa for about 30 seconds, and it bonded quickly.
What really stood out is how flexible and clear the dried glue is. You don’t get that messy white residue, just a transparent, almost rubbery finish.
It’s perfect if you want the repair to be discreet. Plus, it’s waterproof, so I didn’t worry about spills or humidity affecting the bond.
The drying time is quick enough for small fixes, but for the strongest bond, you need to wait 24 hours. That’s reasonable, especially considering the durability I’ve seen so far.
This adhesive feels like it’s built for real life, withstanding daily wear without cracking or peeling.
Overall, this glue has made my sofa look almost new again, without the hassle or expense of replacing the whole piece. It’s a solid choice for anyone who wants a professional-looking, durable repair that stands up to water and time.
Fiebing’s Leathercraft Cement – 4 oz Leather Glue Adhesive
- ✓ Easy to use and quick-drying
- ✓ Clear finish, seamless look
- ✓ Versatile for multiple materials
- ✕ Small bottle, limited for large jobs
- ✕ Runs if over-applied
| Type | Water-based contact adhesive |
| Application | Leather, fabric, and other materials |
| Drying Time | Quick drying (specific time not provided) |
| Bond Strength | Super high strength, permanent bond |
| Volume | 4 ounces (118 milliliters) |
| Safety and Composition | Non-toxic, non-flammable, clear drying |
I finally got around to testing Fiebing’s Leathercraft Cement after hearing so many good things about its versatility for leather repairs and projects. The first thing that caught my eye was how easy it was to work with—no messy fumes or complicated application, just a smooth, water-based adhesive.
I used it to re-glue a worn section of my leather sofa, which had a small tear and some peeling edges.
The bottle itself feels solid in your hand, with a precise nozzle that makes applying the glue straightforward. The glue dries quickly—within a few minutes, I noticed a strong bond forming.
What I appreciated most was how clear it dried, leaving no messy residue or visible glue line. It’s perfect for seamless repairs, especially on visible leather surfaces like a sofa.
One of the standout features is its versatility. I tested it on different materials like leather, fabric, and even some rubber parts, and it held up well.
It’s a super high-strength, permanent bond, so I don’t worry about the repair coming undone anytime soon. Plus, the non-toxic, non-flammable formula makes me feel safe using it around the house and in my workshop.
While it’s great for quick fixes and bonding, I did find that applying a little more patience helps. The glue is very runny if you over-apply, so a steady hand is best.
Also, the 4 oz bottle might run out faster than expected if you’re tackling larger furniture projects. Still, for small to medium repairs, this is a reliable choice.
What Types of Glue Are Best for Leather Sofas?
The best types of glue for repairing leather sofas include:
- Leather Adhesive: This is specifically formulated for leather materials, ensuring a strong bond without damaging the leather’s texture.
- Contact Cement: A versatile adhesive that creates an instant bond when both surfaces are coated and pressed together, ideal for larger areas that need to be glued.
- Super Glue (Cyanoacrylate): This quick-drying adhesive is perfect for small repairs and can bond leather to various materials, although it may not be as flexible as other options.
- Fabric Glue: Designed for use on fabric, this type of glue can be effective on leather as well, especially for softer leathers and fabrics that might require a flexible bond.
- Epoxy: A two-part adhesive that creates a very strong bond, suitable for heavy-duty repairs on leather that need to withstand stress or strain.
Leather Adhesive: Leather adhesive is specifically designed to bond leather materials together, offering a strong yet flexible bond that maintains the integrity of the leather. It is often water-resistant and dries clear, making it ideal for visible repairs on leather sofas.
Contact Cement: Contact cement is an excellent choice for larger repairs or applications where both surfaces can be coated with the adhesive. Once the cement is applied and allowed to set briefly, pressing the surfaces together creates an instant and durable bond, suitable for seams and large patches.
Super Glue (Cyanoacrylate): Super glue is a fast-acting adhesive that works well for quick fixes on leather sofas, especially for small tears or detachments. Its strong bond is effective for minor repairs, but it can become rigid and may not allow for flexibility in leather that is frequently used.
Fabric Glue: While primarily intended for fabric, fabric glue can also be used on leather, particularly for softer leather types. It provides a flexible bond that accommodates the movement of the material, making it suitable for minor repairs where a little stretch is needed.
Epoxy: Epoxy is a two-part adhesive that, once mixed, forms a robust and permanent bond ideal for heavy-duty repairs on leather. It is particularly useful for broken furniture components or significant tears, as it can handle stress and strain effectively, but may not be the best choice for flexibility.
Which Types of Adhesives Offer Strong Bonds for Leather?
The best glues for use on a leather sofa include several types that cater to different bonding needs and conditions.
- Contact Cement: This adhesive is ideal for leather bonding due to its strong initial tack and flexibility once cured.
- Leather Glue: Specifically formulated for leather, this glue provides a strong bond that remains durable over time while allowing for some flexibility.
- Super Glue (Cyanoacrylate): Quick-setting and very strong, super glue works well for small repairs but can be brittle, which may not be ideal for larger areas.
- Epoxy Adhesive: This two-part adhesive is waterproof and creates an exceptionally strong bond, making it suitable for heavy-duty repairs on leather sofas.
- Hot Glue: While not as strong as other adhesives, hot glue can be useful for temporary fixes and crafts involving leather, allowing for quick application.
Contact Cement: This adhesive is ideal for leather bonding due to its strong initial tack and flexibility once cured. It is applied to both surfaces and allowed to become tacky before pressing them together, resulting in a durable bond that can withstand movement and bending.
Leather Glue: Specifically formulated for leather, this glue provides a strong bond that remains durable over time while allowing for some flexibility. It typically dries clear and is easy to work with, making it a popular choice for repairs on leather sofas.
Super Glue (Cyanoacrylate): Quick-setting and very strong, super glue works well for small repairs but can be brittle, which may not be ideal for larger areas. It is best suited for quick fixes where a strong bond is needed immediately, though it may not hold up under stress or movement.
Epoxy Adhesive: This two-part adhesive is waterproof and creates an exceptionally strong bond, making it suitable for heavy-duty repairs on leather sofas. Once mixed and applied, it can fill gaps and provide a long-lasting hold, but it may take longer to cure compared to other adhesives.
Hot Glue: While not as strong as other adhesives, hot glue can be useful for temporary fixes and crafts involving leather, allowing for quick application. It is easy to use and can bond various materials, but it may not withstand heat or moisture as effectively as other options.
How Do You Select the Right Glue for Leather Repairs?
Selecting the right glue for leather repairs involves considering the type of glue that best adheres to leather’s unique properties.
- Contact Cement: This strong adhesive is ideal for leather repairs as it provides an instant bond when surfaces are pressed together. It is particularly effective for larger areas or when two pieces of leather need to be joined permanently, as it dries quickly and is resistant to water and heat.
- Leather Glue: Specifically designed for leather, this glue remains flexible once dried, making it perfect for items like leather sofas that may experience movement. It is typically non-toxic and easy to apply, ensuring a clean finish without damaging the leather’s surface.
- Super Glue (Cyanoacrylate): This fast-drying adhesive is suitable for small repairs and provides a very strong bond. However, it can become brittle over time, which may not be ideal for flexible leather items, as it can crack if the leather is stretched or moved.
- Epoxy Resin: Known for its exceptional strength, epoxy is great for more extensive repairs or when bonding leather to other materials. It requires mixing two components before application and takes longer to cure, but it forms a very durable and waterproof bond.
- Fabric Glue: While not specifically for leather, fabric glue can work for minor repairs where flexibility is required. It is easy to use and typically dries clear, making it a good option for small tears or seams that need reinforcement.
What Are the Advantages of Using Leather-Specific Glue?
The advantages of using leather-specific glue include improved adhesion, flexibility, and durability tailored for leather materials.
- Strong Bond: Leather-specific glue is formulated to create a strong, lasting bond between leather surfaces, ensuring that repairs or attachments remain intact even under stress.
- Flexibility: Unlike regular adhesives, leather glue maintains flexibility after curing, allowing the leather to move naturally without risking the integrity of the bond, which is especially important for items like sofas that experience regular use.
- Water Resistance: Many leather glues are designed to be water-resistant, providing additional protection against spills and humidity, which is crucial for maintaining the appearance and longevity of leather furniture.
- Quick Drying Time: Leather-specific adhesives often have a faster drying time compared to general-purpose glues, enabling quicker repairs and less downtime for leather items.
- Ease of Use: These glues typically come in user-friendly applicators, making it easier for individuals to apply them precisely without making a mess, which is particularly beneficial for detailed work on leather surfaces.
How Does Leather-Specific Glue Differ from Other Adhesives?
Leather-specific glue offers unique properties that make it particularly suitable for bonding leather materials compared to other types of adhesives.
- Flexibility: Leather-specific glue maintains flexibility after drying, allowing the leather to move without cracking or breaking the bond. This is crucial for items like sofas that experience regular use and movement.
- Quick Drying Time: Many leather glues are designed to dry quickly, facilitating faster repairs. This feature is particularly beneficial when working on upholstery, as it reduces the waiting time before the item can be used again.
- Strong Bonding Capability: These adhesives are formulated to create a strong bond specifically with leather, ensuring durability and longevity. Unlike general-purpose adhesives, leather glues can withstand the unique properties of leather, such as its porous nature.
- Water Resistance: Leather-specific glues often provide water-resistant properties, protecting the bond from moisture that can weaken the adhesive over time. This is especially important for leather sofas that might be in environments with varying humidity levels.
- Clear Finish: Many leather adhesives dry clear, which is aesthetically pleasing and ideal for repairs on visible areas of leather sofas. This ensures that the repair is less noticeable compared to other glues that might leave a colored or cloudy residue.
How Can You Properly Apply Glue to a Leather Sofa?
To properly apply glue to a leather sofa, consider the type of glue that best suits the leather material and the specific repair needs.
- Leather Adhesive: This type of glue is specifically formulated for use on leather surfaces, providing a strong and flexible bond that can withstand the natural movement of the material.
- Contact Cement: Contact cement is a versatile adhesive that works well for leather, as it creates an instant bond upon contact, making it ideal for larger areas or seams.
- Super Glue (Cyanoacrylate): Super glue is useful for small repairs on leather sofas, as it dries quickly and forms a strong bond, but it can become brittle over time and may not be suitable for larger areas.
- Fabric Glue: While primarily designed for fabric, some fabric glues can also work on leather, offering a flexible bond that is less likely to crack but may not be as strong as leather-specific adhesives.
- Epoxy: Epoxy can be used for very specific repairs, especially when a hard bond is required; however, it is not flexible and can be visible, making it less ideal for general leather repairs.
Leather Adhesive: Leather adhesives are ideal for sofa repairs because they maintain the leather’s texture and flexibility. They are specifically designed to penetrate the fibers of the leather, ensuring a strong bond that can withstand bending and stretching without breaking.
Contact Cement: Contact cement is applied to both surfaces to be bonded and allowed to dry before pressing them together, creating a powerful hold. This method is particularly effective for reattaching seams or large patches since it allows for immediate bonding without the need for clamps.
Super Glue (Cyanoacrylate): Super glue is perfect for quick fixes, such as repairing small tears or punctures. However, it is important to use it sparingly, as it dries rapidly and can leave a hard, inflexible patch that might not match the leather’s natural movement.
Fabric Glue: Fabric glue can be a good option for minor repairs, especially if you are looking for a temporary fix. It dries clear and offers a flexible bond, but it may not be as durable as specialized leather adhesives, particularly in high-stress areas.
Epoxy: Epoxy can be beneficial for structural repairs, such as reinforcing broken frames or attaching heavy patches. It provides a very strong bond, but due to its rigidity once cured, it is less suitable for areas that require flexibility, making it a last resort for leather sofa repairs.
What Techniques Ensure a Neat and Durable Repair?
Several techniques can ensure a neat and durable repair for a leather sofa using the best glue.
- Surface Preparation: Properly preparing the surface is crucial for a strong bond. This includes cleaning the area to remove dirt, oils, and old adhesive, which can interfere with the adhesion process.
- Choosing the Right Adhesive: Selecting a glue specifically designed for leather, such as contact cement or leather adhesive, ensures compatibility with the material. These adhesives provide flexibility and durability, essential for areas that may experience movement or stress.
- Application Technique: Applying the adhesive evenly and in the right amount prevents over-saturation or under-application, which can lead to weak repairs. Using a brush or a spatula can help achieve an even coat, ensuring a strong bond across the entire repair area.
- Clamping and Pressure: After applying glue, using clamps or weights can help maintain pressure on the repair area while the adhesive cures. This ensures that the leather pieces stay in contact, which is essential for achieving a strong and lasting bond.
- Curing Time: Allowing adequate curing time is vital for the adhesive to reach its full strength. Each adhesive has specific instructions regarding drying times, and it’s important to follow these guidelines to ensure the repair is durable and effective.
- Finishing Touches: After the adhesive has cured, applying a leather conditioner or sealant can help restore the leather’s appearance and protect the repair. This step not only enhances the aesthetics but also prolongs the life of the repair by adding a layer of protection against wear and tear.
What Precautions Should You Take When Using Glue on Leather?
When using glue on leather, especially for a leather sofa, it’s essential to take specific precautions to ensure a successful and lasting bond.
- Choose the Right Glue: Selecting an adhesive specifically designed for leather, such as contact cement or leather glue, ensures better adhesion and flexibility.
- Test on a Small Area: Before applying glue to a visible area, test it on a hidden spot to check for any adverse reactions or discoloration.
- Clean the Surface: Ensure that the leather surface is clean and free from dust, oils, or residues which can interfere with the bonding process.
- Apply in a Well-Ventilated Area: Many adhesives can emit strong fumes, so it’s crucial to work in a well-ventilated space to avoid inhaling harmful vapors.
- Use an Appropriate Amount: Applying too much glue can lead to messiness and may take longer to dry; a thin, even layer is often sufficient for a strong bond.
- Allow Adequate Drying Time: Follow the manufacturer’s instructions regarding drying time to ensure the adhesive cures properly for a durable hold.
- Avoid Overstretching the Leather: While working with glued areas, be cautious not to stretch the leather, as this can lead to further damage or separation of the bond.
Choosing the Right Glue involves using adhesives formulated for leather, which not only maximize adhesion but also maintain the material’s natural flexibility over time. Common options include contact cement, which provides a strong bond, and specialized leather adhesives that cater specifically to the material’s unique properties.
Testing on a Small Area is a critical step to prevent visible damage to the leather. By applying the adhesive to a less noticeable spot, you can observe how the leather reacts before committing to a larger application.
Cleaning the Surface is vital because contaminants can create barriers that inhibit adhesion. Using a soft cloth and a leather cleaner ensures the area is prepped for the best possible bond.
Working in a Well-Ventilated Area is essential when using strong adhesives, as the fumes can be harmful. Adequate airflow helps disperse these fumes and protects your health while working.
Using an Appropriate Amount of glue prevents mess and allows for quicker drying times. A thin layer is typically sufficient, which also minimizes excess glue that can seep out and cause unsightly marks.
Allowing Adequate Drying Time is crucial for achieving a strong bond, so adhere to the specific drying times suggested by the glue manufacturer. Rushing this step can compromise the integrity of the repair.
Avoiding Overstretching the Leather while the glue is curing is important as stretching can lead to cracks or separation in the material. Careful handling during this phase ensures the leather maintains its original shape and texture.
What Are Some Alternative Methods for Repairing Leather Sofas?
There are several alternative methods for repairing leather sofas that can help restore their appearance and functionality.
- Leather Glue: This specialized adhesive is designed for bonding leather surfaces and is often the best glue to use on a leather sofa. It remains flexible after drying, allowing the leather to move naturally, and typically dries clear, making it ideal for visible repairs.
- Leather Patch Kits: These kits contain pre-cut pieces of leather and adhesive designed specifically for repairing tears or holes. They provide a durable solution and often come with color-matching options to blend seamlessly with your sofa’s original material.
- Fabric Adhesive: While not as ideal as leather-specific options, high-quality fabric adhesives can work for smaller repairs. They provide a strong bond and are useful for fixing seams or minor tears, but may not offer the same level of flexibility or durability as leather glue.
- Heat Activation Repair Kits: These kits use heat to bond a patch onto the leather surface, making them effective for larger tears. The heat activates a special adhesive on the patch, ensuring a strong hold and often comes with tools to help you apply the patch evenly.
- Leather Dye or Colorant: While not a repair method per se, using a dye can help blend repairs into the existing leather color. This is especially useful after a repair has been made, as it can cover any inconsistencies and restore the sofa’s appearance.
- Stitching or Sewing: For larger tears or areas where the leather has separated, stitching can be a sturdy repair method. This technique requires a strong thread and needle, and while it may be visible, it can be quite effective in preventing further damage.